Fig 1: Potential CAF marker genes were identified by k-means clustering of AD-MSCs, co-cultured AD-MSCs, and clinical CAFs. (A) Heatmap of k-means clustering. Cluster M (black square) included monoculturedlow, direct co-cultured AD-MSChigh, clinical PDAC CAFhigh genes. (B) List of the 20 genes in cluster M upregulated in a direct co-cultured AD-MSCs. (C) GO enrichment analysis of the aforementioned genes. ECM-related GO terms are shown in black. (D) Representative immunohistochemical staining image of human PDAC for aSMA (brown, upper right), LIF (brown, upper left), SEMA7A (brown, lower right), and HAS1 (brown, lower right). Nuclei were stained with hematoxylin. Arrowheads indicate aSMA-, LIF-, SEMA7A-, and HAS1-positive CAFs, respectively. D, cancer duct structure. Scale bar: 100 µm.